渭北旱塬果园土壤干燥化生态修复方式效应研究

【目的】探讨不同生态修复方式对渭北旱塬果园土壤水分和果树光合特性的影响。【方法】2012-05-12,以地处渭北旱塬的陕西陇县梁甫村10年生红富士苹果园为研究对象,设置秸秆覆盖、起垄覆膜、微孔梯度深层集水、秸秆覆盖+起垄覆膜、秸秆覆盖+微孔梯度深层集水、起垄覆膜+微孔梯度深层集水、起垄覆膜+微孔梯度深层集水+秸秆覆盖7个处理,以裸地为对照(CK),于7-11月每月30号采集果园0~2m土层土样测定土壤含水量,8-9月每月30号测定果树叶片光合特性。【结果】各处理0~2m土层土壤平均含水量均高于对照,其中以起垄覆膜+微孔梯度深层集水+秸秆覆盖处理的效果最好,其0~1m土层土壤含水量比对照提高9.83%,1~2m土层土壤含水量比对照提高7.91%,其次是秸秆覆盖+微孔梯度深层集水处理,其0~1和1~2m土层土壤含水量分别比对照增加8.55%和7.40%;不同生态修复方式均能明显提高苹果树的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs),且均以起垄覆膜+微孔梯度深层集水+秸秆覆盖处理最高,其Pn、Tr、Gs分别比对照提高了18.46%,0.90%和52.94%。各生态修复处理的Pn均与对照差异达极显著水平(P0.01),而在Tr和Gs中,除起垄覆膜+微孔梯度深层集水+秸秆覆盖和秸秆覆盖+微孔梯度深层集水处理与对照差异达显著水平(P0.05)外,其他处理均与对照差异不显著。Pn、Tr、Gs与土壤含水量呈正相关线性关系。【结论】微孔梯度深层集水方式与地表覆盖方式相结合能够大幅度提高土壤水分含量,影响果树光合特性,其中以起垄覆膜+微孔梯度深层集水+秸秆覆盖方式效果最好,可作为改善果园土壤干燥化的方法加以利用。     

垄膜沟播与平膜侧播对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响

为了探索我国西北半湿润易旱区合理覆膜种植方式,为该区作物生产及覆膜种植制度的建立提供参考,本研究以传统平作为对照,设两种覆膜方式:垄膜沟播(R)与平膜侧播(F).结果表明,与传统平作(CK)相比,垄沟宽均为40 cm(R40)和60 cm(R60)的沟播处理全生育期0-200 cm土壤平均含水量分别提高8.82％(P ＜0.05)和10.84％ (P＜ 0.01),膜宽为40 cm(F40)和60 cm(F60)的侧播处理提高4.40％和3.96％,沟播处理较侧播处理平均提高了5.42％(P＜0.05).不同覆膜方式处理的旗叶叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)均较传统平作(CK)显著增加,同宽度的沟播处理较对应的侧播处理提高幅度明显,但胞间CO2浓度显著低于传统平作(CK).不同覆膜方式处理的小麦经济产量和水分利用效率均较传统平作(CK)显著提高,平均提高幅度达21.52％和30.97％,同宽度沟播处理的生物产量、经济产量和作物水分利用效率显著(P＜0.05)高于对应的侧播处理.试验表明,在半湿润旱作区冬小麦垄膜沟播是一种高效栽培模式.     

水分胁迫对大豆结荚期光合生理及生物量的影响

以秦豆8号为材料进行盆栽试验,研究了大豆苗期、花期及结荚期不同土壤控水处理对大豆结荚期光合生理和生物量的影响。结果表明:当苗期-花期前土壤相对含水量控制为65%~75%情况下,在花期分别进行轻度(土壤相对含水量控制为55%~65%)、中度(土壤相对含水量控制为45%~55%)水分胁迫,结荚期复水至正常供水后,与对照(大豆不同生长阶段土壤相对含水量均保持为65%~75%)相比,随胁迫程度的加剧光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)降幅加大,中度胁迫下分别降低13.16%(P<0.05)、28.60%(P<0.01)、7.64%、49.51%(P<0.01),而气孔限制值(Ls)、叶片温度(T1)较对照有所提高,中度胁迫下分别提高48.07%(P<0.01)、0.36%;当苗期-花期正常供水结荚期分别进行轻度、中度胁迫时,Pn、Tr、Ci、Gs较对照均降低,而Ls及T1较对照提高。当苗期-花期前土壤相对含水量控制为55%~65%情况下,在花期或结荚期进行中度胁迫均使Pn、Tr、Ci、Gs降低,Ls及T1升高,复水后则反之。当苗期-花期前土壤相对含水量为45%~55%时,不论花期或结荚期进行正常供水或轻度胁迫,各处理Pn、Tr、Ci、Gs均高于对照(大豆不同生长阶段土壤相对含水量均保持为45%~55%),而Ls及T1低于对照。当苗期-结荚末期土壤相对含水量连续控制在3个水平条件下,随土壤含水量的降低,Pn、Tr、Ci、Gs呈下降趋势,而Ls及T1升高。当苗期-花期前分别进行正常供水、轻度胁迫、中度胁迫控水处理时,不同处理结荚期单株生物量呈显著差异,中度胁迫与轻度胁迫各处理的单株生物量差值小于正常供水与轻度胁迫各处理单株生物量差值。     

集雨种植模式下不同施肥水平对土壤水分消耗及冬小麦产量的影响

于2012—2014年在宁南旱塬区布设旱地冬小麦垄膜沟播试验,研究了集雨种植模式下不同施肥水平对小麦不同生育阶段土壤水分、产量和水肥利用率的影响。试验设置集雨(R)和传统平作(B)两种种植模式,每种种植模式设置高(N+P:270+180 kg·hm~(-2))、中(N+P:180+120 kg·hm~(-2))、低(N+P:90+60 kg·hm~(-2))和不施肥4种施肥水平。结果表明:集雨种植模式在冬小麦生育前期可以显著提高0~200 cm土层的土壤贮水量,两年的平均产量较平作提高了10.57%(P0.05),水分利用效率提高了3.83%,肥料农学效率提高了54.99%(P0.05)。施肥对冬小麦生育期土壤水分有明显影响,冬小麦生育前期随着施肥量的增加土壤贮水量呈增加趋势,生育后期土壤贮水量随着施肥量的增加而减少。无论是集雨还是平作种植模式,各施肥处理的冬小麦经济产量和水分利用效率随着施肥量的增加呈增加趋势,但相邻肥力梯度间增幅随施肥量的增加逐渐降低,高肥处理虽产量和水分利用效率最高,但较中肥处理增产幅度不显著(P0.05),集雨种植中肥处理的肥料农学效率最高,两年平均为3.91 kg·kg~(-1)。由此认为,集雨种植模式配合中量施肥(N+P:180+120 kg·hm~(-2))可显著提高半干旱区旱作冬小麦产量及水肥利用效率。     

Evaluation of drainage and tillage effect on watertable depth and maize yield in wet inland valleys in southwestern Nigeria

A study was conducted in three wet inland valley bottoms, namely, high (MHW), medium (MMW) and low (MLW) watertable sites to evaluate the effect of drained (D) and control (Do), and mound-tillage (MT), ridge-tillage (RT) and no-tillage (NT) treatments on watertable depth and yield of maize in 1990 wet and 1990/1991 dry season in southwestern Nigeria. The watertable depth averaged 30.0 cm in the drained plot and <15.0 cm in the control plot in 1990. The watertable tended toward its lowest depth averaging 44.8 cm in the drained and 26.2 cm in the control plot in 1990/1991. Soil moisture content was lower (P<0.01) and air-filled porosity greater (P<0.01) in the mound-tilled compared with the ridge tilled and no-till soils in both drained and control plots in 1990 and 1990/1991. Equally, green maize yield from the mound-tillage and ditch drainage system was greater (P<0.01) than the ridge-tillage and no-tillage systems in both seasons. Maize may be grown successfully with a ditch drainage and mound-tillage system in the wet soils in inland valley bottoms regardless of their watertable regimes in southwestern Nigeria.     

Crop water deficit estimation and irrigation scheduling in western Jilin province,Northeast China

Jilin province is one of the main dryland grain production areas in China. Recently, limited supplemental irrigation, using groundwater in the semi-arid western area of the province, has developed rapidly to improve the low grain productivity caused by rainfall variability. Research was conducted to estimate the actual crop water requirements and identify the timing and magnitude of water deficits of the main crops such as corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). Using the guidelines for computing crop water requirements in FAO Irrigation and Drainage paper 56 and historical rainfall distributions, the crop water requirements, ETc and the crop water deficits of corn, soybean and sorghum were calculated. Based on the water deficit analysis, a recommended average supplemental irrigation schedule was developed. Crop production was compared to full irrigation and to a rainfed control in a field experiment.On average, compared to the rainfed control, the full irrigation and the average supplemental irrigation treatments of corn, increased yields 49.0 and 43.9%, respectively; soybean yields of those treatments increased by 41.0 and 34.7%, and sorghum yields of those treatments increased by 55.5 and 46.3%. A supplemental irrigation schedule can be used in the semi-arid western Jilin province to improve crop yields.     

集雨种植模式对小麦-玉米周年农田土壤水分及作物产量的影响

[目的]针对关中地区冬小麦-夏玉米周年的生产特点,将垄沟集雨种植技术应用于作物周年生产,以期为冬小麦-夏玉米周年生产体系种植模式的改良提供依据。[方法]以西农979、郑单958为试验材料,设传统平作(CK)、垄沟配置为40cm∶40cm(R-F40)、40cm∶60cm(R-F60)、40cm∶80cm(R-F80)4个处理,探讨冬小麦-夏玉米周年生产条件下不同垄沟配置方式对农田土壤水分及作物产量的影响。[结果]小麦季R-F60和R-F80处理水分利用效率(WUE)增加;垄沟集雨各处理小麦籽粒产量随种植沟宽度增加呈上升趋势,其中R-F60、R-F80处理较CK仅减产1.75%、1.67%;集雨各处理灌溉水利用效率(IUE)显著提高,并随种植沟宽度增加增幅减小。在玉米季,集雨各处理WUE、产量显著提高,且随着种植沟变宽呈先增后降趋势。小麦-玉米周年WUE、产量显著增加,其中以垄沟配置为40cm∶60cm(R-F60)处理增幅最大,分别较CK增加12.75%、7.98%。[结论]垄沟集雨种植技术是调控作物高效节水的可行途径,其中R-F60处理是优化该地区冬小麦-夏玉米二熟制种植体系稳产高效节水的理想集雨栽培模式。     

Study on the performance of contour vegetative barriers in an arid region using numerical models

The purpose of the study was to evaluate and derive the optimum spacing of contour vegetative barriers (CVB) of locally adapted, drought resistant plant species as soil and water conservation measures for rainfed crop-fields in an arid region. Adapted perennial grasses performed the best and formed effective barriers against soil erosion. Runoff volume and specific peak discharge were reduced by 28 to 97% and 22 to 96%, respectively using CVB with negligible soil loss. The resultant increase in soil moisture storage increased pearl millet crop yield by 35%. Hydrologic processes with respect to crop response for digitally generated CVB layouts were simulated using the distributed numerical models SWAMREG (rainfall-runoff) and SWACROP (moisture storage-plant transpiration-crop yield), and a personal computer-based geographic information system (GIS) for designing optimum CVB spacing. Inputs needed for these models are soil hydraulic parameters, daily meteorological data, and crop characteristics. Simulated outputs were validated with the observed runoff, soil moisture storage and pearl millet yield data. At an optimum simulated vertical spacing of CVB between 0.5 and 0.6 m, 24% reduction in runoff resulted in better moisture regime and crop yield improvement by 70% over control.     

不同耕作模式对旱地小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响

通过在宁南旱区连续2年的定位试验,比较了连年免耕(NT)、连年深松(ST)、免耕/深松(NT/ST)、深松/免耕(ST/NT)、传统翻耕(CT)5种耕作模式下冬小麦花后旗叶叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)、光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明,小麦开花至灌浆期,ST、NT/ST、ST/NT和NT的旗叶叶绿素相对含量分别较CT提高32.2%、27.4%、13.5%和11%;旗叶日均光合速率平均分别提高1.6、1.2、0.9和0.6μmol.m-2.s-1(P<0.05);旗叶日均蒸腾速率平均分别提高1.2、0.9、0.7和0.3 mmol.m-2.s-1(P<0.05)。ST和NT/ST处理的叶片瞬时水分用效率较CT显著提高。开花期和灌浆期,与CT相比,其他4种耕作模式均提高了PSⅡ最大光化学效率、PSⅡ潜在活性、实际光化学效率、光化学猝灭系数和非光化学猝灭系数,减少了光抑制程度。NT/ST、ST、ST/NT和NT处理较CT分别增产42.1%、35.3%、30.3%和23.5%,基于产量的水分利用效率分别提高51.3%、37.8%、19.9%和14.6%。免耕、深松及二者轮耕处理可降低旱地土壤水分的无效蒸发消耗,并提高旱地作物的蒸腾效率,以连年深松和免耕/深松处理提高产量和水分利用效率尤为显著。